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Salvador Dalí au micro de Jacques imthejezuskobain2013 helena Am G D E От большого ума слишком сума тюрьма. От большого ума слишком сума norрьма. От красивой души только ситуация выше Параллельно Путин через спутник Ленин Собирайся народ на бессмысленный ход На всемирный совет - как обставить нам наш бред блять Am F D Посидеть помолчать да по столу постучать. Красно-белый облака- "Э , заводи самокат! От слишком головы лишь канавы курить Красно- белый плакат - "Э , заводи самокат!" 4p4837
Salvador Dalí au micro de Jacques
imthejezuskobain2013
helena
Am G D E От большого ума слишком сума тюрьма. От большого ума
слишком сума norрьма. От красивой души только ситуация выше Параллельно
Путин через спутник Ленин Собирайся народ на бессмысленный ход На всемирный совет
- как обставить нам наш бред блять
Am F D Посидеть помолчать да по столу постучать.
Красно-белый облака- "Э , заводи самокат! От слишком головы лишь канавы курить
Красно-
белый плакат - "Э , заводи самокат!"
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DAGE VLAD THE IMPALER: DOCUMENTS & USEFUL INFORMATION This blog is dedicated exclusively to the historical figure of Vlad III Drakulya, Voivode of Wallachia (known as Vlad the Impaler; ca. 1431-1476) and to everything related to him: books, documents, chronicles, manuscripts and personal research. / Warning: Lots of Google Translated posts. Buscar... 10 ENE 2022 60 image image image image image image image image image How historians make the difference between the fictional Vlad and The real one and why were the stories about him so popular: I quote the German historian dr. Albert Weber: It’s complicated because it is difficult to prove to what extent and on which political levels there was a propaganda campaign based on the “Dracula Stories” and at what moment the texts were turned into literary works without political agendas. First let’s have a look at who the anonymous authors of the Dracula Stories may have been and then we can discuss the causes for their considerable cultural impact and how we historians can identify the facts. I’m summarizing here the results of my (soon to be published) PhD thesis on the biography and reception of Vlad the Impaler Drăculea (1431-1476) and of the edition project Corpus Draculianum where all surviving sources on Vlad are published. Who were the authors? A few general assessments: As we know, Vlad the Impaler, who ruled 1448, 1456-1462 and 1476, was an extremely resilient, combative and aggressive voivode (these attributes were very much needed in the crisis of the Wallachian voivodate from 1420 – 1480, being in almost constant danger of being occupied by the Ottomans or attacked by the Hungarians who wanted to control the voivodate, turning it into a buffer region next to their border). His internal enemies (factions of noblemen/boyars) as well as external adversaries (several Hungarian factions, mostly anti-Hunyadi, among them the Transylvanian Saxons) couldn’t get rid of him. Vlad had improved the Wallachian army, now trained for high mobility and fast surprise attacks on the northern side of the Carpathian Mountains, and could strike at any time of the year. He again and again attacked the unfortified country estates and villages of his adversaries, causing huge economic damages; his army, consisting of light cavalry, was however not equipped to cause any damage to the big fortified Saxon cities like Kronstadt/Brașov or Hermannstadt/Sibiu, so he torched the surrounding areas. By propagandizing these actions and the massacres he committed there as great “victories” at the courts of his overlords in Buda and Constantinople (see his letter to Matthias Corvinus from 11 February 1462 or the Ottoman Chronicles from the Sublime Porte which, in my opinion, recorded some of the voivode’s own propaganda), he d himself as being a strong voivode with a stable control over his country and noblemen who provided him with their best troops. Thus he tried to show that he deserved the of his overlords, countering at the same time the complaints of his adversaries who also went to the courts. Their strategy was to provoke an intervention of the overlords by portraying Vlad as a weak voivode who was slaughtering his noblemen who in reality were of course the foundation of any medieval ruler’s power due to the lack of efficient state institutions (his strong army and annual raids questioned the plausibility of these claims that he would have impaled hundreds (!!) of boyars. The lists of the of the voivodal councils before and after Vlad prove that actually many of his adversaries survived his rule, they were just thrown out of court). This was very likely the beginning of the propganda campaign against Vlad and it went on for years, resulting in 1462/63 at the latest in the creation of the text which we basically know as “Stories on the voivode Dracula” in Latin, German and Russian. They portray him as “the worst tyrant” or “tyrant of tyrants” and claim that he spent his reign constantly mutilating or impaling children, women, peasants from Transylvania and Wallachia, noblemen, Turks, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Roma people etc. Looking at this situation, there are 4 plausible but, due to the fragmentary historical tradition, hypothetical authors of the propaganda stories: - The Transylvanian Saxons. They are the suspects no. 1 in the Romanian tradition (see beside the research literature e.g. the movie from 1979). The main argument is that the Dracula Stories are in German so the Saxons must be the authors. However, a linguistical analysis doesn’t show any substantial elements of the Saxon dialect. The texts are of southern German origin. Yes, the author (or authors) indeed knew Transylvania very well (the Saxons are correctly shown as being autonomous within the complicated political structures of the Transylvanian voivodate which was part of the kingdom of Hungary. Foreigners maybe didn’t know this.) but this is no proof: the authors could have used source materials originating from Transylvania. Regarding the fact that the oldest versions of the Dracula Stories are in Latin (see the Commentarii of Piccolomini/Pius II and the chronicle of Thomas Ebendorfer, both from 1463) and the German version is evidenced no earlier than 1466 (the Colmar manuscript), it is actually quite probable that the Stories were originally not written in German but translated from Latin. However, we know that the Transylvanian Saxons often used Latin even in internal correspondences. They could have composed and spread the text in Transylvania and given it as a complaint to king Matthias Corvinus, Vlad’s overlord, thus protesting against Vlad’s pillaging of their estates and villages. But the complaint-theory is problematic: the Saxons were until late 1462 among the enemies of the Hunyadi family of Matthias Corvinus. They very likely perceived Vlad’s massacres among their peasants as retribution or proxy war by the Hunyadis. Therefore a complaint was useless; the king knew very well what was done to the Saxons, and anyway he didn’t need to be informed about what was going on in Transylvania, his family’s home region. But let’s look at Corvinus and the Hungarian court as suspects. - The Hungarian court of Matthias Corvinus was until late 1462 Vlad’s ally. The voivode had ed the Hunyadi family since about 1453/54 and kept the alliance even when the ,civil war’ with the party of king Ladislaus Postumus broke out in 1457. It seems that the Hunyadis promised Vlad to marry a woman from their family to further strenghten their bond. After they got to the throne with Matthias Corvinus, they finally fulfilled their promise in 1462 and Vlad became the first Wallachian voivode to marry into the Hungarian royal family. This was a considerable success for him and the Hunyadis themselves made this alliance widely known which also turned the Ottomans against their vassal Vlad, causing their invasion of Wallachia in the same year. Regarding this connection, it seems quite unlikely that the Hunyadis would have demonized Vlad on such a level as do the Dracula Stories. They would have badly damaged their own reputation. The reason why Vlad was imprisoned in late 1462 were not his massacres against the Transylvanian Saxons but the fact that, after losing his throne to his pro-Ottoman brother Radu the Handsome, he disregarded Matthias’ order to retreat to Hungary and tried to provoke a war between Hungary and the Ottoman Empire by attacking Radu. Matthias, who very likely had been quite satisfied with Vlad’s defensive performance against the Ottoman invasion – no Ottoman soldier reached Hungarian territory –, needed to take him out of politics but he also wanted his vassal to stay in the political reserve as a potential pro-Hungarian substitute for Radu. The accusation of high treason – Matthias sent to the European courts and to the Pope an alleged letter from Vlad to Mehmed the Conqueror where the voivode promised to the sultan’s conquest of Hungary – was enough to ruin Vlad’s political stance among the Christian powers (Venice, the Holy See etc.). He simply didn’t need the Dracula Stories which – by the way – were totally improper for the diplomatical communication of this time. Especially the Italians, who were the most important sponsors of Hungary, had a very developed diplomatic culture which wouldn’t accept such materials as valid arguments for political decisions. It is therefore not very likely that the Hungarian court had composed and spread the Dracula Stories. At most it would be plausible that one of the humanists at the Hungarian Court had sent the text over his semi-official channels of communication to his s in and Italy. A suspect is of course the Hungarian chancellor and humanist János Vitez, but we’ll probably never know. - The third plausible but also hypothetical scenario is that there was a writer who collected information about Vlad the Impaler and then composed the basic text of the Dracula Stories. It is ouf course possible that the scenarios 1 and 2 were separately or both preceding, meaning that the writer received a text written by the Saxons which was further edited and spread by the Hungarian court. German historian Christof Paulus discusses in his monography “Geschichte und Geschichten” (2020) that maybe an ecclesiastical writer composed the text and sent it through his southern German networks to his s in several monasteries where it was copied and finally reached in the 1480s and 1490s the German printers in Nürnberg, Bamberg, Augsburg etc. who vastly popularized the Dracula Stories. This entire scenario of course implies a mostly apolitical stance of the writers, editors and printers who did not have a closer relationship with Wallachia or Transylvania/Hungary but were merely literary or commercially interested in the topic. - The fourth scenario was developed by me during research for my PhD: the origins of the Dracula Stories could be based on proclamations of the Wallachian opposition to Vlad. There were several different groups of anti-Vlad exiles in Transylvania but also (very likely) in Moldova and the Ottoman Empire and there also was an opposition in Wallachia itself. This geographically divided opposition could grow for years because there were very few occasions when Vlad missed making enemies. His brutal and repeated raids against the Wallachian opposition’s fiefs and estates in Hungary and in the Ottoman Empire surely strengthened the resolve to use all available means to get rid of Vlad, so the communication by texts – which saw a considerable rise in these decades – became more and more important. The most likely genre which may have been used to circulate the anti-Vlad propaganda were the proclamations, from which we have a few contemporary examples about other personalities and conflicts (e.g. from Stephen the Great or Basarab the Young). Addressed to the political public of certain communities in the form of open letters, they had a certain broader impact and therefore could influence the targeted decision-makers. An example are the Latin and Slavonic letters from Dan the Pretender to the Saxons in Brașov where he describes Vlad’s massacres and asks for political and military in order to fight him. Such proclamations could have been merged into a single text which was to be further spread, as discussed above, by political actors or by writers. That would also explain to a certain degree why the stories are such a mélange of very different groups of victims: if the Saxons wrote the stories, why are they underrepresented in it? They only make about one fourth of the victims in the episodes. This hypothesis was so far not at all or only partially considered by the Romanian-dominated research, heavily influenced by national historiography, because it meant that “Romanians“ actually were the inventors of the Dracula Stories which damaged Vlad’s reputation so badly and long-lasting. 2) Why were the Dracula Stories so popular? Several factors came together: extreme narratives about violence (this always sells!); the new technical possibilities by the printing press; a lack of knowledge about Wallachia and Moldova combined with a growing interest about these eastern realms due to the Ottoman expansion in the 15th and 16th centuries. The middle European public wanted to know who were the military forces to potentially stop the Ottomans, and Vlad (but also Stephen the Great in Moldova) had some resounding successes after the downfall of all other Orthodox realms in Southeastern Europe. Regarding the printing press – the Dracula Stories were printed in southern and northern from 1488 until the 1560s – one of the causes were surely the expressive images of the wood engravings. The texts were short and it seems that their overall narrative of an evil feudal ruler who in the end is arrested and convicted also played a significant role (according to a recently published article by Daniel Ursprung): most readers of the Dracula Stories were probably townspeople whose communities had violent conflicts with local and regional rulers, similar like the Transylvanian Saxons against Vlad. The printed stories were, obviously, financially quite profitable, and therefore often reprinted until the interest began to fade after 1550. Nevertheless the stories were not the only branch of the narrative tradition that was highly successful: the positive description of Vlad’s reign by Antonio Bonfini, the Hungarian court’s chronicler in the 1480s and 1490s, was processed and popularized by Sebastian Münster in his Cosmographia with more than 50 editions starting from 1544. It presented Vlad in a positive manner as a harsh but just ruler and thus nuanced the simplistic image of the tyrant from the Dracula Stories. 3) How do historians separate the fiction and facts about Vlad the Impaler? A very basic problem for the research is that the anti-Vlad literary works of (very likely) propagandistic origin are highly interesting and long reads. On the other side the documentary sources like deeds and letters are much more difficult to collect, understand and analyze. They provide us with historically very important and, compared to the literary works, with much more reliable informations, but they are a very fragmentary tradition. Most historians, and especially the classics from the 19th and 20th centuries who formed our modern image of Vlad, therefore prefer to work with the Dracula Stories and not with the more difficult but much more nuanced documentary sources: an analysis of our project team demonstrated that most diplomatic reports potrayed Vlad in a neutral or positive manner and only very few condemned him. There are of course nuanced reasons also for this kind of judgement – most reports were Italian and the Italians (Venetians, Milanese, Genoese etc.) didn’t care how many Transylvanian peasants or Wallachian traitors Vlad had brutally tortured and impaled but they cared if he had any impact against the Ottoman expansion which threatened Italy and Italian possessions in the Eastern Mediterranean. Too many historians also neglected contextualizing Vlad’s biography (however, let’s not forget that many Romanian historians could not leave the country during the communist period and therefore had no access to foreign research literature and especially archives like we do. Before and after communist times the lack of funding for archival research and other factors were a problem which prohibited a revision of deficient research results. They simply did not have the necessary sources to further develop their research.). If one tries to analyze the stories isolated from their context, the results are very modest. Knowledge about the basic structures of the voivodate and its elites, about the geopolitical interests and conflicts and also about the modalities of political communication in this region are essential. I am obviously biased when I discuss my own research but my general strategy to deal with this problem was i.a. 1) to find as many unedited documentary sources as possibile and, based on the resulted new knowledge and perspectives, 2) to fact check the narrative tradition. The result is interesting: the central texts of the anti- as well as of the pro-Vlad traditions are more fictional than factual. That further complicates the actually unanswerable question if Vlad was “good” or “bad”… In the end it is maybe this striking contrast of the sources and of the contemporary and modern reception that make Vlad so incredibly interesting and popular. So the best advice to get closer to the ,real Dracula’: It is necessary to mostly blank out the Dracula Stories and focus on contexts, documents and also on archaeological findings. This has been a very long answer but your question made it necessary to get deeper into the complex situation of the origins of the historical Dracula myth. YT CORPUS DRACULIANUM: https://www.youtube.com/c/CorpusDraculianum Best books to take your information from: 1. “Corpus Draculianum” by Adrian Gheorge, Albert Weber and Thomas M Bohn [RO/GER] Buy link vol 1, 1.2, 3. English review 2. “In the World of Vlad: The Lives and Times of a Warlord” by Alexandru Simon [ENG] Buy link 1, 2 - The life (in fact the lives) of Vlad III the Impaler or Dracula is a Rorschach test. Everybody sees what they want to see in the documentary stains . And these stains are expanding. Based on research in the archives and libraries of Budapest, Dubrovnik, Genoa, Mantua, Milan, Modena, Munich, Rome, Venice and Vienna, the book focuses on the conflictive medieval, and modern images created by the clash between the classical pictures of Vlad and the still preserved coeval sources. 3. “Vlad der Pfähler–Dracula: Tyrann oder Volkstribun?” by Thomas .M Bohn [GER] Buy link 1 English review 4. “Vlad The Impaler: Dracula” by Stefan Andreescu [RO/ENG-rare to find] Mentions: I would also recomand the books of Matei Cazacu and Radu Florescu but you already need some basic knowladge about Vlad before jumping in any of them since their informations are outdated + the authors were looking for a more fantastic version of Vlad and when they didn’t find it, they created it themselves. so if you don’t have anything else better go for them but don’t believe everything in those books. __________________ Useful links: https://vk.com/voivode_vlad_tepes = Almost everything I’ve posted so far is from this Russian VK group, if you understand Russian this is the place for you to go (Also this group has an impressive colection of books and Documents) https://www.facebook.com/Documente.Vlad.Tepes = Corpus Draculianum’s oficial page, you should follow it to be up-to-date with their research http://siebenbuergenurkundenbuch.uni-trier.de/catalog… = German site containg Vlad’s Documents http://arhivamedievala.ro/ = Medieval Archive of Romania, here you can see Vlad’s documents digitalized (Search for “Vlad Tepes”) https://www.facebook.com/groups/vladdocs/files = You can find some intresting books in our facebook group __________________ Some more useful links: Corpus Draculianum I / Romanian The Corpus Draculianum collection brings together for the first time all sources by and about Vlad III Draculea (“the Impaler,” 1431-1476) from the period 1448 to 1650: private, diplomatic, and business correspondence, negotiation records, istrative documents, narrative and pictorial sources, as well as inscriptions, coins, and seals. Dozens of chroniclers, literati and power holders from the ruling courts from the Safavid Empire to the Iberian Peninsula, Britain and the Muscovite Empire have left relevant testimonies. The sources, written in 17 European and Oriental languages, have been critically edited and extensively annotated in two languages (original text and translation) by an interdisciplinary team of researchers. Accompanying studies open each volume to facilitate understanding and contextualization of the text collection. This is addressed to interested laymen as well as to specialists. The Corpus Draculianum sees itself as a reference work and a portal to all historical materials and scholarly tools for the study of one of the most famous figures of the late Middle Ages. Volume I/1 of the collection contains 61 letters and documents from the chancellery of Vlad the Impaler and other rulers and nobles of Wallachia. The documents, preserved in Latin, Church Slavonic, Romanian and Hungarian, are particularly close to the historical figure: the voivode himself, his allies and adversaries have their say and offer direct insights into, for example, the Ottoman conquest of southeastern Europe and the late medieval crusade movement, whose standard bearers included Vlad Draculea, feared by Muslims and Christians alike. https://3lib.net/book/18339657/4d16f4 http://libgen.rs/book/index.php?md5=FB2EFFEF3D8043FE906BC768800BEE5E - Corpus Draculianum III / German. The third volume of the Corpus Draculianum documents the entire Ottoman tradition on the historical Dracula figure. In numerous sources, some of which were previously unknown, Christian post-Byzantine authors have their say alongside Muslim, mostly Ottoman, authors and acquaint the reader with the “oriental” Dracula. For Vlad the Impaler was a well-known and infamous figure not only in Western and Eastern Europe, but also in Byzantine and Ottoman literature. On the basis of oral and written eyewitness s, which circulated in Southeastern Europe in the decades following the campaign of 1462, a unique image of the Wallachian voivode was created and handed down, which is in no way inferior to the contemporary European tradition in of narrative content and source value. The sources are not only made available to researchers in their entirety for the first time, but also offer themselves as worthwhile reading for readers generally interested in Dracula myths and the medieval history of Southeastern Europe. The mentions of Vlad handed down by 35 authors are reproduced by critical edition of the original texts with translation, introduction, bibliography, and commentary, thus placing the figure of Dracula in his authentic historical context in the sense of an “untouched biography.” The text-genealogical statistical systematization and chapter-by-chapter presentation of the texts with various indexes, maps, and a detailed chronology also make the edition useful as an encyclopedic reference work. https://pdfcoffee.com/corpus-draculianum-iii-pdf-free.html _ Stefan Andreescu - Vlad Tepes / Romanian. https://pdfcoffee.com/stefanandreescu-vlad-tepes-pdf-free.html_ Vlad Tepes und die Sachsischen Selbstverwaltungsgebiete Siebenburgens By Gustav Gundish in Revue roumaine d'histoire (1969) Available for in pdf format: http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139788 _ Ioan Bogdan: Documente și regeste privitoare la relațiile Țăriĭ Rumînești cu Brașovul și Ungaria în secolul XV și XVI Publication date 1902 Source Biblioteca Digitală a României This work contains important letters and documents by Vlad III Drakulya and his contemporaries in Romanian language. http://www.digibuc.ro/ _ Documenta Romaniae Historica. Series D. Relations between the Romanian Countries. Volume 1: 1222-1456 https://kupdf.net/…/documenta-romaniae-historica-seria… A remarkable collection of letters, official documents etc in Latin and Romanian by Vlad III Drakulya, Janos Hunyadi and many others. 573 pages. Available for in pdf format. _ Another important collection of documents by Vlad III Drakulya, his father Vlad Dracul, his brother Radu cel Frumos and other historical figures. 687 pages. In Romanian. Available for in pdf format. Documenta Romaniae Historica. Seria B : Ţara Românească. Volumul 1 : 1247-1500 https://en.calameo.com/books/000827433682e93065018 _ LA VICTOIRE DE VLAD L’EMPALEUR SUR LES TURCS (1462) par NICOLAE STOICESCU, 1976, in Revue roumaine d’histoire http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139824 Available for in pdf format _ Critical edition of Laonikos Chalkokondyle’s “Histories” by Egenius Darkó. Laonici Chalcocandylae Historiarum demonstrationes. Ad fidem codicum recensuit, emendavit annotationibusque criticis instruxit Eugenius Darkó by Chalkokondyls, Laonikos, ca. 1430-ca. 1490 Publication date: 1922 Publisher: Budapestini Sumptibus Academiae litterarum hungaricae Languages: Latin, Greek Available for in pdf format https://archive.org/…/laonicichalcocan00chaluoft/mode/2up “The Histories”, by Laonikos Chalkokondyles describes the fall of the Byzantine empire and the rise of the Ottomans. Written sometime between 1464 and 1468, it centres around the capture of Constantinople in 1453. However, it also covers many events that were happening in Eastern Europe, where the Ottomans, Hungarians and other states were vying with each other. It gives us an of Vlad III Drakulya too. _ PÂNDELE OLTEANU LIMBA POVESTIRILOR SLAVE DESPRE VLAD ȚEPEȘ Ed. Acad. R. P. R., Bucarest, 1961, 409 p. (TALES IN SLAVIC LANGUAGE ABOUT VLAD ȚEPEȘ) In Revue roumaine d’histoire, 1965, Bucureşti : Editura Academiei Române. Language: French Pages 140-145 An old but very interesting paper, available for donwload in pdf format. http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139764 _ Vlad Ţepeş şi Naraţiunile Germane şi Ruseşti asupra lui : Studiu critic (1896) [Vlad Ţepeş and the German and Russian Narratives about Him: A Critical Study] Author: Bogdan, Ioan (1864-1919). Bucureştĭ : Editura Librăriei Socecǔ & Comp. Language: Romanian Available for in pdf format https://.wikimedia.org/…/Ioan_Bogdan_-_Vlad_%C8… _ The slanderous German incunabula about Vlad III Drakulya. 1) The two incunabula (“Dracole Wayda”, Nuremberg 1488, Augsburg 1494) which are obviously both based on a common original text, depict a misleading and barbaric image of the Wallachian Prince. They are two out of at least eleven further prints of this kind, which appeared on the book markets of rich German merchant towns as of 1488. All pamphlets start with a very brief biography of Vlad III, followed by an unsystematic listing of almost 50 gruesome anecdotes from his reign. The spreading of these historically largely made up stories is doubtlessly connected with the growing reading public’s craving for sensation. Available for in pdf format. https://opalus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV023354729 and https://opalus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV023354738 2) The Saint-Gall manuscript. A composite manuscript consisting mainly of historiographic and hagiographic content. The texts were written between 1450 and 1550, then assembled as a volume in 1573 by St. St. Gall monk Mauritius Enk. This text is only transmitted in three other manuscripts: one at the library of Lambach Abbey in upper Austria, one at the British Library in London, and one at the Municipal Library of Colmar in . https://www.e-codices.unifr.ch/en/csg/0806/283 See also Matei Cazacu, “ GESCHICHTE DRACOLE WAIDE UN INCUNABLE IMPRIMÉ A VIENNE EN 1463” , available for dowload in pdf format. https://www.persee.fr/…/bec_0373-6237_1981_num_139_2… https://www.academia.edu/…/Croisade_tardive_et_d%C3… _ the chronicle of Antonius Bonfinius, “Historia Pannonica: Sive Hungaricarum Decades ” . Antonio Bonfini (Latin variant: Antonius Bonfinius; 1427‒1502) was an Italian humanist and poet who spent the last years of his career as a court historian in Hungary. He was a secretary to King Matthias Hunyadi Corvinus and was commissioned by him to produce a work chronicling the History of Hungary. Bonfini arrived at Matthias’s court in 1486; the king assigned him this project in 1488. Under Matthias’s successor Vladislaus II, Bonfini could continue his work intermittently until 1497. Bonfini gives in his work a lengthy description of the alleged “crimes” of the Wallachian Prince Vlad III, closely resembling the German stories. Some of the paragraphs coincide with the German pamphlets, while others are different. Bonfini apparently used a printed or manuscript version of the malicious German narratives about Drakulya which were circulating at that time. 1) Original pages of Bonfini “Rerum Hungaricarum Decades”, available at http://epa.oszk.hu/…/MKSZ_EPA00021_1984_100_04_330-373… 2) Critical edition of Bonfini’s work by I. Fogel, B. Ivanyi and L. Juhasz, Lipsiae, Bibliotheca Scriptorum Medii Recentisque Aevorum SAEC. 3) Antonii Bonfini Asculani Rerum Hungaricarum decades libris 45. comprehensae ab origine gentis ad annum 1495. Accessit index rerum locupletissimus recensuit et praefatus est d. Carolus Andreas Bel .. (1771). Available at https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_34sty47HR2EC - His monetary policy is a scarcely investigated side of the rule of Wallachian Voivode Vlad III Drakulya. The Octavian Iliescu’s paper “Vlad l'Empaleur et le droit monétaire” gives us a very interesting insight into this topic. In “Revue roumaine d'histoire”, 1979, Bucureşti, Editura Academiei Române. Available for in pdf format at http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139834 See also Matei Cazacu, “L'impact Ottoman sur le Pays Roumains et ses incidences monétaires (1452-1504). In “Revue roumaine d'histoire”, 1973, Bucureşti : Editura Academiei Române. Available for in pdf format at http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/handle/123456789/139807 - I would like to draw attention to this interesting book about diplomatic relationships between Transylvania, Hungary, Moldova and Wallachia in the period 1468 to 1540. It’s called “Acta et epistolae relationum Transylvaniae Hungariaeque cum Moldavia et Valachia” Volumen primum, by Veress, Endre (Budapest,1914), Publisher Kolozsvár Fontes rerum transylvanicarum, in Hungarian and Latin. It contains important documents and letters about the last years of life of Vlad III, his death and the political events of the period. Those interested can it in pdf format at https://archive.org/details/actaetepistolaer01vereuoft - here are two more sources. 1) Magyar diplomacziai emlékek Mátyás király korából 1458-1490 , by Iván Nagy, Albert Nyáry, Matthias, 1877, Publisher A M. Tud. Akadémia. Avaliable for at https://archive.org/details/magyardiplomacz00mattgoog 2) Monumenta Hungariae historica: Magyar történelmi emlékek, byTörténelmi Bizottság , Magyar Tudományos Akadémia,1875,Publisher Magyar Tudományos Akadémia. Available for at https://archive.org/details/monumentahungar27akadgoog - I want to introduce to you the work of Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672-1750) “Rerum Italicarum scriptores ab anno aerae christianae quingentesimo ad millesimumquingentesimum” (1731), Volume 18, Publisher Mediolani : ex typographia Societatis Palatinae in Regia Curia. Ludovico (also spelled Lodovico) Antonio Muratori was an Italian historian, notable as a leading scholar of his age. Duke Rinaldo I d'Este (1700) appointed him archivist and librarian in Modena’s Ducal library, which position he held until his death in that city. He studied sources for a history of Italy, and as a fruit of his researches there appeared the large work, “Rerum italicarum Scriptores ab anno æræ christianæ 500 ad annum 1500” (Writers on Italy, 500–1500). It was published in twenty-eight folio volumes with the assistance of the Società Palatina of Milan (Milan, 1723–51). In Volume 18 of his massive work (18.2: Matthaei de Griffonibus “Memoriale historicum de rebus Bononiensium”: aa. 4448 a.C.-1472 d.C.), we can find a brief of the Wallachian victories against the Ottoman forces of Mehemet II in the summer of 1462. The thrilling news of the attack on the Ottoman camp by the troups of Vlad III Drakulya were brought to Bologna by Venetian merchant’s letters. According to these reports, 40000 Turks were slained or take prisoners. Those interested can Muratori’s work at https://archive.org/details/rerumitalicarums271mura See also the letter of Dominicus Balbi to Signoria di Venetia, 28 July 1462, in Monumenta Hungariae historica: Magyar történelmi emlékek https://archive.org/details/monumentahungar31akadgoog - It might be worth checking out Teresa L. Jones’s documentary: https://www.youtube.com//DraculaDocumentary - The letter allegedly sent by Vlad III Drakulya Ţepeş, Voivode of Wallachia, to Sultan Mehmet II on 7 November 1462 and his supposed treason against Matthias Hunyadi Corvinus, in “Pii secvndi pontificis max. Commentarii rerum memorabilium, quae temporibus suis contigerunt” by Pius II, Pope, 1405-1464; Gobellinus, Joannes; Ammannati Piccolomini, Jacopo, 1422-1479; Pius II, Pope, 1405-1464. Apologia ad Martinum Mayer. Publication date: 1584 Publisher: Romae, Ex typographia Dominici Basae Language: Latin Available at: https://archive.org/details/piisecvndipontif00pius [Pope Pius II, born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464). He was born at Corsignano in the Sienese territory, Tuscany, Italy. His major work is the “Commentaries”.] For an excellent analysis of the complex political background of this entry in Pius II work, I refere those interested to Alexandru Simon’s paper “A Humanist’s Pontifical Playground: Pius II and Transylvania in the Days of John Dragula”, in Transylvanian Review . 2020 Supplement, Vol. 29, p35-70. 36p. Available online at (This link usually dosen’t work but it will be the first pop up if you google “A Humanist’s Pontifical Playground Pius II and Transylvania in the Days of John Dragula”) https://web.a.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=12211249&AN=149408111&h=yxGso1dhUtosN0nJiSVsTxjOATB20ADd7awuq45SSQbuV1z7dZTj%2fxaoVXAkNGghLlrC5EYLvekc4%2f4svJpxNQ%3d%3d&crl=f&resultNs=WebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d12211249%26AN%3d149408111 ________ For Entertainment Dracula The Engraved chest of time[ENG]: https://b-ok.xyz/book/2711487/527db5 _ Rastignit Intre Cruci Vol 1 [RO] https://pdfcoffee.com/rastignit-intre-cruci-volumul-1-de-vasile-lupasc-pdf-free.html - Vlad Tepes(1979) Blu-ray with English Subtitles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSBNR9NDf0E&t=1960s - A short video about Vlad [ENG Subbed] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXgfQ2Rqn3s - A True Story about Vlad Dracula (Short Animation with ENG subtitles) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-N4vOkdiyA&t=233s - Expozitie Grafica Vlad Tepes Draculea[RO] https://www.editura-rhea.com/expozitie-grafica-vlad-tepes-draculea/_______ European sources: 1.Antonio Bonfinius (1434-1503), Rerum Ungaricum decades 2. Piccolomini Aerea Silvio (Pius II) Commentarii Rerum Memorabilium, 3. Thuroczy I.G. 4. Jean de Wavrin, 6. Wattenbach Wilhelm, 7. Cantacuzino chronicle, 8. Ciriaco of Ancona, 9. Venetian chronicle of Gasparo Zancaruolo, 10. Nicolae de Modrussa’s report (Operi Minori vol. 4, 1937, Giovanni Mercati, “Notizie varie sopra Niccolö Modrusiense”), 11. Stari srpski rodoslovi letopisi 12. George Sphrantzes and his Chronicles and memoires , 13. Romanian warrior chronicle in Calatori straini desre tarile române, vol. 1 14. Witnesses of an Albanian slave of the Turks 1463-1464 in Relatia scavului Albanez, Columna lui Traian, Bucharest 1883, 40-41, 15. The work of the English pilgrim, William Wey. 16. The work of Pietro Tomasi (circa 1375-1458) for Venice. 17. The chronicle of Domenico Balbi (can be found in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Acta Externa, vol. 4 (Budapest, 1907), 18. Munster’s Cosmografia universalis - http://www.e-rara.ch/doi/10.3931/e-rara-8833 19. Nicolaus Olahus, Hungaria et Attila sive de originibus gentis regni Hungariae (…), 20. The report of Leonardo Botta written to Ludovico Maria Sforza Visconti, 21. Iacob Unrest, «Theologi et sacerdotis Carinthiaci, Chronicon Austriacum». Later published in «Collectio monumentorum veterum et recentium ineditorum», I (Braunschweig, Meyer, 1724), 22. All the documents in Monumenta Hungariae Historica, Acta Externa. 23. Stefan cel Mare correspondence (Dan’s correspondence, Laiota’s and so on an on and on) 24. 3 variants of Slavic manuscripts 25. Various german pamphlets, 26. Beheim’s Poems, two of them, 27. St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 806, p. 4 – The St. Gall Manuscript, 28. Lambach’s manuscript. ____ Greek, post-Byzantine and Turkish sources: 1.Chalkokondyles, 2. Kritovoulos, 3. Doukas, 4. Zoras, 5. Makarios Melissenos, 6. Enveri, 7. Maali, 8. Asik Pasa zade, 9. Tursun beg, 10. Tevarih-i-Ali Osman, 11. Kivami, Idris Bitlisi, 12. Kemal pasa-zade, 13. Mehmed Nesri, 14. Ahmed Sinan Bihisti, 15. Hadidi, 16. Rustem Rasa (pseudo), 17. Mustafa Ali, 18. Koca Hyseyn, 19. Solak -zade, 20. Hoca Sa'deddin Efendi. __ For a better understanding of those sources and MANY others read Corpus Draculianum. #vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#history#wallachia#documents#romania#vlad dracula#vlad voda#Sources about Vlad Tepes#free book#historicaldocuments#15thcentury#dracula 27 AGO 2022 102 HIDDENROMANIA image Badea Cârțan (1849-1911) Badea Cârțan made a journey on foot to Rome, and when he arrived at the city's edge after 45 days, said, "Bine te-am găsit, maica Roma" ("Pleased to meet you, mother Rome"). He wished to see Trajan's Column with his own eyes, as well as other evidences of the Latin origin of the Romanian people. After pouring Romanian soil and wheat at the column's base, he wrapped himself in a peasant's coat (cojoc) and fell asleep at the column's base. The next day he was awakened by a policeman who shouted in amazement, "A Dacian has fallen off the column!", as Cârţan was dressed just like the Dacians carved into the column; the event was reported in Roman newspapers and Duiliu Zamfirescu, Romanian representative in Italy. He was a self-taught ethnic Romanian shepherd who fought for the independence of the Romanians of Transylvania (then under Hungarian rule inside Austria-Hungary), distributing Romanian-language books that he secretly brought from Romania to their villages. In all he smuggled some 200,000 books for pupils, priests, teachers and peasants; he used several routes to through the Făgăraş Mountains. VLADDOCS image 1/2 Gheorghe Cârțan, a Romanian peasant from Cârțișoara Sibiului, known as Badea Cârțan, who remained in history as a great fighter for the cause of Romanians everywhere. At a time when Romanians in Transylvania, which belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, did not enjoy more rights, Badea Cârțan used the most effective method to show that he was Romanian: he chose to distribute Romanian books in Transylvania and especially history books showing the Latin origin of the Romanian people. For 30 years, he crossed the mountains several times, carrying thousands of Romanian books in his bag, which he distributed to Romanian peasants, teachers and priests in Transylvania. Badea Cârțan arrived several times in Bucharest, where he met several people of culture, from whom he learned the history of the Romanians, including Professor Vasile Alexandrescu Urechia, president of the Cultural League of Romanians, who also helped him on several occasions with important donations of Romanian books. In Bucharest, Badea Cârțan visited the museums of the capital, the Romanian Athenaeum, the University, the Romanian Academy and met Nicolae Iorga, George Coșbuc, Spiru Haret, Take Ionescu and others. Wishing to see with his own eyes the monuments that represented the testimonies of the history of the Romanian people, Badea Cârțan decided to go on foot to Rome. Thus, in January 1896 he decided to go to Italy, where he wanted to see Trajan's Column, which for him symbolised the most eloquent testimony to the Latin origin of the Romanians. But before leaving, he told Professor Vasile A. Urechia what he intended to do, receiving from him moral , some letters of recommendation and money for the journey. On 3 January 1896, Cârțan set off for "mother Rome", as he liked to say, and in addition to a few changes of clothes and some goods, he took a handful of earth from the garden of his house and grains of wheat in his bag to offer to his ancestors at Trajan's Column. After forty-three days and after breaking four pairs of shoes, he arrived in Rome, and in front of Trajan's Column, Badea Cârțan sprinkled the Romanian earth and wheat grains as a symbolic gesture to his ancestors. Then, weary from the long journey, he lay down at the foot of the Column, where he slept until the next morning. When he woke up, he was surrounded by a crowd of curious people, and one of them, seeing the Romanian folk costume he was wearing, exclaimed in amazement: "a dac has come down from the Column". In a few days, Badea Cârțan became famous in Italy, with several newspapers writing about him and Romania. During his four weeks in Rome, he was repeatedly invited by several Italian personalities, from university professors to artists, MPs and senators, all of whom considered him "a sol of the Romanian people". VLADDOCS 2/2 He was received in audience by the Mayor of Rome, at the Vatican by Cardinal Rampolla, by numerous of the Italian government and even by King Umberto I, from whom he received gifts in the form of books and photographs of Trajan’s Column. Everywhere, Badea Cârțan made an irable impression, arousing sympathy, interest and iration for him and for Romanians in general. On 15 March he left for the country, and on 10 June 1896, while at home in Transylvania, he was arrested by Hungarian gendarmes, who confiscated his photographs of Trajan’s Column and the books he owned. He was beaten and sent to Făgăraș, and one of the questions he was asked at the court was “what do you have to do with Rome and Romania? He was released after two days in prison, but the confiscated belongings were never returned to him. In August 1896, Badea Cârțan set off again, this time for Paris, and on his way to the French capital he stopped in Vienna to lodge a complaint with the Emperor of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, showing him the suffering endured by the Romanians at the hands of the Hungarian authorities. From Vienna he continued his journey through Bologna, Florence and Genoa, then through Marseille and Lyon to Paris, where Romanian students studying there took him to visit the great museums of the French capital. On 7 August 1911, Badea Cârțan died in Sinaia on his way back to Transylvania from one of his many trips to Romania and so he never saw the day of the reunification of all Romanians on the historic day of 1 December 1918. At the initiative of the Romanian Cultural League, Badea Cârțan was buried in the cemetery of Sinaia, and the following words were inscribed on his grave cross: "here sleeps Badea Cârțan, dreaming of the reunification of his nation”. 27 AGO 2022 102 HIDDENROMANIA image Badea Cârțan (1849-1911) Badea Cârțan made a journey on foot to Rome, and when he arrived at the city's edge after 45 days, said, "Bine te-am găsit, maica Roma" ("Pleased to meet you, mother Rome"). He wished to see Trajan's Column with his own eyes, as well as other evidences of the Latin origin of the Romanian people. After pouring Romanian soil and wheat at the column's base, he wrapped himself in a peasant's coat (cojoc) and fell asleep at the column's base. The next day he was awakened by a policeman who shouted in amazement, "A Dacian has fallen off the column!", as Cârţan was dressed just like the Dacians carved into the column; the event was reported in Roman newspapers and Duiliu Zamfirescu, Romanian representative in Italy. He was a self-taught ethnic Romanian shepherd who fought for the independence of the Romanians of Transylvania (then under Hungarian rule inside Austria-Hungary), distributing Romanian-language books that he secretly brought from Romania to their villages. In all he smuggled some 200,000 books for pupils, priests, teachers and peasants; he used several routes to through the Făgăraş Mountains. VLADDOCS image ½ Gheorghe Cârțan, a Romanian peasant from Cârțișoara Sibiului, known as Badea Cârțan, who remained in history as a great fighter for the cause of Romanians everywhere. At a time when Romanians in Transylvania, which belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire, did not enjoy more rights, Badea Cârțan used the most effective method to show that he was Romanian: he chose to distribute Romanian books in Transylvania and especially history books showing the Latin origin of the Romanian people. For 30 years, he crossed the mountains several times, carrying thousands of Romanian books in his bag, which he distributed to Romanian peasants, teachers and priests in Transylvania. Badea Cârțan arrived several times in Bucharest, where he met several people of culture, from whom he learned the history of the Romanians, including Professor Vasile Alexandrescu Urechia, president of the Cultural League of Romanians, who also helped him on several occasions with important donations of Romanian books. In Bucharest, Badea Cârțan visited the museums of the capital, the Romanian Athenaeum, the University, the Romanian Academy and met Nicolae Iorga, George Coșbuc, Spiru Haret, Take Ionescu and others. Wishing to see with his own eyes the monuments that represented the testimonies of the history of the Romanian people, Badea Cârțan decided to go on foot to Rome. Thus, in January 1896 he decided to go to Italy, where he wanted to see Trajan’s Column, which for him symbolised the most eloquent testimony to the Latin origin of the Romanians. But before leaving, he told Professor Vasile A. Urechia what he intended to do, receiving from him moral , some letters of recommendation and money for the journey. On 3 January 1896, Cârțan set off for “mother Rome”, as he liked to say, and in addition to a few changes of clothes and some goods, he took a handful of earth from the garden of his house and grains of wheat in his bag to offer to his ancestors at Trajan’s Column. After forty-three days and after breaking four pairs of shoes, he arrived in Rome, and in front of Trajan’s Column, Badea Cârțan sprinkled the Romanian earth and wheat grains as a symbolic gesture to his ancestors. Then, weary from the long journey, he lay down at the foot of the Column, where he slept until the next morning. When he woke up, he was surrounded by a crowd of curious people, and one of them, seeing the Romanian folk costume he was wearing, exclaimed in amazement: “a dac has come down from the Column”. In a few days, Badea Cârțan became famous in Italy, with several newspapers writing about him and Romania. During his four weeks in Rome, he was repeatedly invited by several Italian personalities, from university professors to artists, MPs and senators, all of whom considered him “a sol of the Romanian people”. #romania#Badea Cârțan 26 AGO 2022 3 The TRUE strength of the Ottoman armies during the reign of Vlad Tepes [RO video with ENG subtitles] #vladțepeș#history#vladdracula#vladtheimpaler#vladtepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpusdraculianum#youtube#Youtube#ottoman 25 AGO 2022 2 TikTok TIKTOK.COM I made a TikTok (@Vladvoda I don’t know how this name was free), I will post there memes and cringe edits from time to time! #vladtepes#romania#history#wallachia#dracula#tiktok 12 AGO 2022 21 New video from Corpus Draculianum “How Did Vlad the Impaler LOOK like on the Battlefield?” #vladțepeș#history#vladdracula#vladtheimpaler#vladtepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpusdraculianum#youtube#Youtube 05 AGO 2022 8 My favorite artist <3 #romania#art#Youtube 04 AGO 2022 61 VLADDOCS image Made a meme inspired by the latest Corpus Video 😂😂 STUCK-IN-A-ROMANIAN-WORMHOLE When two family get the same idea for execution but one is better than the other...got research this now. VLADDOCS C'mon bro It wasn’t an idea they came up with 😂 , it was just the proper lawful punishment of those times in Wallachia and many other parts of the world, it had nothing to do with the person who impaled and the voievode had no saying in the punishment. Usually the punishment had to be approved by the church and a number of other groups. How it was the case of boyar Albu https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5r-OBjMdQNo&t=4s 15 JUL 2022 7 New video from Corpus, About Vlad’s campaign in Serbia in 1476. Enjoy! #vlad țepeș#history#vlad dracula#vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpus draculianum#Youtube 08 JUL 2022 6 Enjoy! #vlad țepeș#history#vlad dracula#vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpus draculianum#Youtube 01 JUL 2022 9 New video from Corpus, This time about Vlad’s big brother Mircea #vlad țepeș#Mircea II#history#vlad dracula#vlad the impaler#vlad tepes#romania#wallachia#dracula#corpus draculianum#Youtube#crusade#varna#1444 nonspace. 1 2 3 4 5 Actualizado
retro ZHAMADY 2007, 10:41 NOW PLAYING AURA O LAS VIOLETAS,,3 89 views 7 months ago NO AL COMUNISMO 1:51 NOW PLAYING Watch later Add to queue aura o las violetas (1974 ) fragmento - Martha Stella Calle HOLA!!!! muchisisisisisimasss graciassssss por compartir esta SUper Bellezura! tienes el principio por favor ?¿ muchas gracias 12 views 1 month ago hola, tremenda historia, viste la pelicula de 1974 ? Martha Stella Calle Actress Martha Stella Calle is known for Zwei Teufelskerle auf dem Weg ins Kloster (1975), Aura o las violetas (1974) and Colombia Connection (1979). View info at IMDbPro Known for Zwei Teufelskerle auf dem Weg ins Kloster (1975) Zwei Teufelskerle auf dem Weg ins Kloster 3.8 Yolanda 1975 Aura o las violetas (1974) Aura o las violetas 5.4 Aura 1974 Colombia Connection (1979) Colombia Connection 6.8 Actress 1979 Caín (1984) Caín 6.5 Actress 1984 Credits Actress Caín (1984) Caín 1984 Colombia Connection (1979) Colombia Connection 1979 Zwei Teufelskerle auf dem Weg ins Kloster (1975) Zwei Teufelskerle auf dem Weg ins Kloster Yolanda 1975 Aura o las violetas (1974) Aura o las violetas Aura 1974 Alberto Dell'Acqua and Wolf Goldan in Two Sane Nuts (1974) Two Sane Nuts Girl on Jeff's lap at the hotel (uncredited) 1974 letuchay tarelka`.. somtiems life so fat u cant do thing rit and les if u dntl ive in the prese and live with the osltay or anszi o r past future, carpediem, lethed ay otube sudifcofthedya no hay qu estersaeer enesta vida por nada ay ke relajarse igual nadia saldra vivo de esta Lista de resultados 1. Aura o las violetas ; Emma Jose Mariá Vargas Vila Libro By: Vargas Vila, José María. Bogotá, Colombia Panamericana Editorial, 2021. 110 páginas 21 cm Language: Spanish, Base de datos: Catálogo Biblos – Bogotá Materias: Literatura colombiana; Novela amorosa colombiana; Novela colombiana; Vargas Vila, José María 1860-1933 Detalle disponible únicamente Exportar a RIS Solicitar Información de la ubicación Ubicación N.º de clasificación Estado Colección general - Piso 0 C863 V17JAU 1 • Disponible 2. Aura o las violetas ; Lo irreparabale José María Vargas Vila Libro By: Vargas Vila, José María. Bogotá, Colombia El Pensador Editores, 2002. 175 páginas 17 cm Language: Spanish, Base de datos: Catálogo Biblos – Bogotá Materias: Literatura colombiana; Novela amorosa colombiana; Novela colombiana; Vargas Vila, José María 1860-1933 Detalle disponible únicamente Exportar a RIS Información de la ubicación Ubicación N.º de clasificación Estado Colección Abierta Piso 1 Co863.4V297 e1 1 Disponible 4. Aura o las violetas. Emma. Lo irreparable. Flor de fango José María Vargas Vila ; prólogo Germán Arciniegas Libro By: Vargas Vila, José María. Bogotá Circulo de lectores, 1984. 374 páginas Language: Spanish, Base de datos: Catálogo Biblos – Bogotá Materias: Novela colombiana Detalle disponible únicamente Exportar a RIS Solicitar El gesto exterminador de un anarquista, Aforismos de Vargas Vila. Omar Ardila Víctor Bustamante Sobre Vargas Vila hay un velo sucio que ha ocultado su escritura y lo ha mostrado muchas veces solo como un autor de algunas novelas. Una de ellas la más leída. Aura las violetas, que, incluso se ha llevado al cine. También abunda la mala prensa que ha opacado su obra con la persistencia de esos chismes, como que sedujo a su madre, como que era masón y mantenía su quehacer gay. También ha existido un silencio elocuente que no ha podido borrar su obra abundante en el campo de la novela, pero a la hora de esa verdad esquiva, lo que ha molestado en Vargas Vila es la perdurabilidad de su crítica, de hecho ha sido el único escritor desterrado en los años 1900. Y aunque la menospreciada cultura popular, aquella que solo posee como medio de comunicación, el voz a voz, lo ha leído, no era raro ver en los ventorrillos de libro en las calles y en las librerías de segunda sus novelas, que eran leídas en ediciones de segunda hasta que mucho después, en 1973, fueron publicadas sus novelas. De ellas me molesta ese continuo adjetivar que les da a su escritura un brillo innecesario, pero y este otro pero es que en algún ensayo Borges estuvo presente en la conferencia que Vargas Vila dio en Buenos aires en 1924. O sea, queda una idea sobre Vargas Vila que era un escritor de peso, un escritor que era muy leído, en el ámbito hispanoamericano, aunque el vasto y sucio silencio intentó callar su obra, sobre todo en Colombia donde muchos escritores nunca dicen lo que piensan en sus textos sino en baja voz. Algo no le perdonaban a Vargas Vila sus diatribas contra Núñez y la Regeneración y su sometimiento al clero, así como pone en su sitio e esos “prohombres” que saquean el país, solo interesados en el poder como su paraíso buscado. En los países donde debió huir fundó periódicos o revistas, en Venezuela, La Federación, Eco Andino y Los Refractarios, y fue expulsado ante las quejas desvergonzadas del gobierno colombiano. En Estados Unidos funda la revista Hispano América, luego de ser echado de del diario neoyorquino El Progreso ante su cara contra la tiranía de los presidentes gramáticos, que marcan y aun define el carácter del sr colombiano. Las babas para acceder al poder. Por esa razón al leer el libro de Omar Ardila, El gesto exterminador de un anarquista, Aforismos de Vargas Vila, (La valija de fuego, Editorial, 2018), él ha indagado en algo que nunca sabía, y son sus aforismos, al leerlos, caemos en cuenta de sus acerados conceptos, donde la política, los mitos, la academia, la gramática, la religión, el amor, las leyes, son vapuleados con un sentido de desmesura y propiedad, bajo el influjo de un yo poderoso que no se esconde, sino que habla con toda su furia desde adentro, que me digo, por qué motivo no había leído este Vargas Vila de los aforismos, ese escritor, ese pensador, que es único en ese momento en el país, en ese país bogotano que aun cantaba los bambucos y pasillos de Julio Flórez, ese país que mantenía una tradición del amor como algo cercano a la muerte creado por Isaacs, visible en Tránsito en Salve Regina y que fue cristalizado en la María del mismo Isaacs y que pasa por Aura o las violetas, como el amor con el deseo que subyace con la remembranza a un ser muerto. Ese país que solo se recrea y traza como legado su memorabilia de escritores que nada dicen, que, extasiados transcienden el tiempo sin saber la razón por la cual muestran un país desde un solo lado, donde se olvida la virulencia y honestidad, la osadía y la necesidad de que un escritor diga algo. Pero Vargas Vila mientras escribía ficciones de este tipo, también trazaba lo más contundente de su obra, sus aforismos, criticando no solo el ser colombiano, los esbirros con una manera de permear con sus discursos, cualquier estado de cosas sino que todo lo dejan como una insaciable tabula rasa , y que nos reclamaba y nos recuerda como desde hace muchos años que alguien en el país fue capaz, con su osadía y acerados conceptos, oponerse al curato, y a los políticos, graciosos gramáticos, y al partido conservador que duró en el poder tantos años. Por las páginas de este libro obtenemos ese Vargas Vila, confrontador, disparando desde su panóptico con sus aforismos, contrariado por algunos de sus exegetas como, Federica Montseny, Ignacio Cornejo, Pompeyo Gener, que algunos van valorado su obra, otros recobran solo parte de ella, otros lo desquician, otros no le han perdonado, que haya tenidos cargos diplomáticos de Ecuador y Nicaragua, pero también que los obreros de Barcelona lo hayan leído como uno de los arúspices del movimiento anarquista donde Vargas Vila es una de sus voces poderosas. Omar Ardila ha escogido de varios de los libros del mordaz Varas Villa, los aforismos que más le han dado lustre al escritor, y que nos hacen pensar como esa tradición de escritores que se debieron ir del país, así como esa presencia y tradición del anarquismo un perdura como esa otra escritura de ideas que combatió a quienes se escondieron detrás de las sotanas, de la gramática y de los cargos públicos a dirigir un país que no merecerían. Con esta investigación, presentación y ensayo crítico, Omar Ardila devuelve un Vargas Vila fresco, potente, acerado, cínico, punzante, mordaz, con su escritura tan personal como debe de ser un escritor en su completa soledad alejado de la fisura que le otorgan los medios y que domestican las alabanzas. Marco Osa, Queequeg editorial, con tatuajes en su brazos, también ha tatuado este libro a su manera, le ha dado su carácter, es decir su sello, su personalidad. Sus páginas rebosan del cuidado, del detalle, de la disposición de las fotografías que le dan una nueva aura a la afilada pluma de Vargas Vila. Actualizado
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